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Is It True Your Baby Will Only Be a Redhead if Born With Red Hair

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Hair colour

Ruddy hair (besides known as orange pilus and ginger hair) is a pilus colour institute in one to two percent of the human population, appearing with greater frequency (two to half-dozen percent) amidst people of Northern or Northwestern European ancestry and lesser frequency in other populations. Information technology is nigh common in individuals homozygous for a recessive allele on chromosome 16 that produces an altered version of the MC1R protein.[1]

Ruddy pilus varies in hue from a deep burgundy or vivid copper, or auburn, to burnt orange or cherry-orange to strawberry blond. Characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin, information technology is associated with fair peel color, lighter centre color, freckles, and sensitivity to ultraviolet light.[two]

Cultural reactions to ruby-red pilus have varied from ridicule to admiration with many common stereotypes in being regarding redheads. The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510.[iii]

Geographic distribution

Modern

Northern and Western Europe

A British teenager with red hair

Red hair is about normally found at the northern and western fringes of Europe;[4] it is centred effectually populations in the British Isles and is particularly associated with the Celtic nations.[four]

A young British adult female with carmine hair and freckles

Ireland has the highest number of crimson-haired people per capita in the world with the percentage of those with red pilus at effectually 10%.[5]

Great Britain besides has a high percent of people with crimson hair. In Scotland around vi% of the population has red hair; with the highest concentration of red caput carriers in the world institute in Edinburgh, making it the red head capital of the world.[6] [7] In 1907, the largest e'er study of hair color in Scotland, which analysed over 500,000 people, plant the pct of Scots with blood-red hair to be 5.3%.[8] A 1956 study of pilus colour amidst British Regular army recruits likewise found high levels of red hair in Wales and in the Scottish border counties of England.[fn one] [ix]

Eastern and Southern Europe

In Italy, red hair is establish at a frequency of 0.57% of the total population, without variation in frequency across the unlike regions of the state.[x] In Sardinia, cerise hair is constitute at a frequency of 0.24% of the population.[10] Victorian era ethnographers considered the Udmurt people of the Volga Region in Russia to exist "the most red-headed men in the world".[11] The Volga region still has 1 of the highest percentages of redheaded people.[12]

Cherry-red pilus is also constitute amongst the Ashkenazi Jewish populations.[13] In 1903, 5.6% of Polish Jews had red hair.[xiv] Other studies have constitute that 3.69% of Jewish women overall were institute to have red hair, but effectually 10.9% of all Jewish men have ruby beards.[fifteen] In European culture, before the 20th century, red hair was frequently seen as a stereotypically Jewish trait: during the Spanish Inquisition, all those with ruby hair were identified equally Jewish.[16] In Italia, cerise hair was associated with Italian Jews, and Judas was traditionally depicted equally red-haired in Italian and Spanish art.[17] The stereotype that cerise pilus is Jewish remains in parts of Eastern Europe and Russia.[18]

North Africa and Mediterranean

The Berber populations of Morocco[19] and northern People's democratic republic of algeria have occasional redheads. Red hair frequency is especially significant amongst the Riffians from Morocco and Kabyles from People's democratic republic of algeria,[20] [21] [22] respectively.

Asia (all regions)

In Asia, carmine hair can exist found among some peoples of Afghan,[23] [24] Arab, Iranian, Mongolian, Turkic, Miao and Hmong descent.

Aboriginal human remains with reddish and reddish-brown hair accept been discovered in various parts of Asia including the Tarim mummies of Xinjiang, China.[25] Several preserved samples of homo hair have been obtained from an Iron Age cemetery in Khakassia, Southward Siberia. Many of the hair samples appear cherry in color, and one skull from the cemetery had a preserved red moustache.[26]

In the Book of Wei, Chinese writer Wei Shou notes that Liu Yuan was over 6 feet alpine and had red strain on his long bristles.[27]

In that location are other examples of ruby pilus amid early Turkic people. Muqan Qaghan, the third Qaghan of the Turkic Khaganate, was said to have cherry-red pilus and bluish eyes.[28]

In Chinese sources, ancient Kyrgyz people were described as fair-skinned, light-green- or blueish-eyed and cherry-red-haired people with a mixture of European and East Asian features.[29]

The Kipchak people were a Turkic ethnic grouping from central Asia who served in the Gilt Horde military forces later being conquered past the Mongols. In the Chinese historical certificate 'Kang mu', the Kipchak people are described equally red haired and blue eyed.[30]

The ethnic Miao people of Communist china are recorded with red hair. According to F.K Savina of the Paris Foreign missionary society the appearance of the Miao was pale yellow in their skin complexion, near white, their pilus color ofttimes being lite or dark dark-brown, sometimes fifty-fifty red or corn-silk blond, and a few of them fifty-fifty accept pale blueish optics.[31]

A phenotype written report of Hmong People show they are sometimes born with red hair.[32]

Americas, Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa

Emigration from Europe has multiplied the population of scarlet haired humans in the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.[ citation needed ]

Mexican Boxer Santos "Canelo" Álvarez with red hair. Álvarez has been nicknamed "Canelo" for his red locks, which is Spanish for cinnamon.[33]

Historical

Several accounts by Greek writers mention redheaded people. A fragment by the poet Xenophanes describes the Thracians as blue-eyed and blood-red-haired.[34] The aboriginal peoples Budini and Sarmatians are also reported by Greek writer to exist bluish-eyed and cherry-haired, and the latter even owe their names to information technology.[35] [36]

In Asia, scarlet hair has been institute among the ancient Tocharians, who occupied the Tarim Basin in what is at present the northwesternmost province of China. Tarim mummies have been found with red hair dating to the 2nd millennium BC.[37]

Reddish-dark-brown (auburn) hair is too institute amid some Polynesians, and is especially common in some tribes and family groups. In Polynesian civilization red pilus has traditionally been seen as a sign of descent from loftier-ranking ancestors and a mark of rulership.[38] [39]

Biochemistry and genetics

Adult female with mixed reddish-brown pilus, Papua New Guinea. Melanesians have a significant incidence of mixed-fair hair, caused by a genetic mutation different from European blond and carmine hair.[40]

A close-up view of ruby-red hair

The pigment pheomelanin gives cherry hair its distinctive color. Red hair has far more of the paint pheomelanin than it has of the dark paint eumelanin.

The genetics of red hair appear to be associated with the melanocortin-ane receptor (MC1R), which is found on chromosome 16. Eighty percent of redheads have an MC1R gene variant.[2] Red hair is too associated with off-white skin color because the MC1R mutation also results in depression concentrations of eumelanin throughout the torso. The lower melanin concentration in skin confers the advantage that a sufficient concentration of important Vitamin D can exist produced nether low light weather. However, when UV-radiation is strong (as in regions shut to the equator) the lower concentration of melanin leads to several medical disadvantages, such as a college risk of skin cancer. The MC1R variant gene that gives people crimson hair more often than not results in peel that is difficult or impossible to tan. Because of the natural tanning reaction to the sun's ultraviolet light and high amounts of pheomelanin in the skin, freckles are a common but not universal characteristic of red-haired people.

Red hair can originate from several changes on the MC1R-gene. If one of these changes is present on both chromosomes then the respective private is likely to accept red hair. This blazon of inheritance is described as an autosomal recessive. Fifty-fifty if both parents practice not have carmine pilus themselves, both can exist carriers for the gene and accept a redheaded child.

Genetic studies of dizygotic (congenial) twins indicate that the MC1R gene is not solely responsible for the cherry hair phenotype; unidentified modifier genes exist, making variance in the MC1R cistron necessary, just not sufficient, for red pilus production.[41]

Genetics

The alleles Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, Asp294His, and Arg142His on MC1R are shown to be recessives for the ruby-red pilus phenotype.[42] The gene HCL2 (also called RHC or RHA) on chromosome 4 may also exist related to red hair.[43] [44] There are at least viii genetic differences associated with cerise hair color.[45] [46]

In species other than primates, crimson pilus has different genetic origins and mechanisms.

Evolution

Origins

Red hair is the rarest natural hair colour in humans. The non-tanning skin associated with red hair may have been advantageous in far-northern climates where sunlight is scarce. Studies by Bodmer and Cavalli-Sforza (1976) hypothesized that lighter skin pigmentation prevents rickets in colder climates by encouraging college levels of vitamin D production and also allows the private to retain heat amend than someone with darker skin.[47] In 2000, Harding et al. concluded that red hair is non the result of positive choice just of a lack of negative option. In Africa, for example, ruddy hair is selected confronting because high levels of sun impairment pale peel. However, in Northern Europe this does non happen, so redheads can get more mutual through genetic drift.[42]

Estimates on the original occurrence of the currently active gene for crimson hair vary from twenty,000 to 100,000 years ago.[48] [49]

A Dna report has concluded that some Neanderthals also had ruby hair, although the mutation responsible for this differs from that which causes ruby hair in modern humans.[50]

Extinction hoax

A 2007 report in The Courier-Mail, which cited the National Geographic magazine and unnamed "geneticists", said that red hair is likely to die out in the near future.[51] Other blogs and news sources ran similar stories that attributed the research to the magazine or the "Oxford Hair Foundation". Nevertheless, a HowStuffWorks article says that the foundation was funded past hair-dye maker Procter & Gamble, and that other experts had dismissed the research as either defective in evidence or only bogus. The National Geographic article in fact states "while redheads may reject, the potential for ruddy isn't going away".[52]

Red hair is caused by a relatively rare recessive allele (variant of a cistron), the expression of which tin can skip generations. Information technology is not probable to disappear at any time in the foreseeable hereafter.[52]

Medical implications of the red hair factor

Melanoma

Melanin in the skin aids UV tolerance through suntanning, but blanched persons lack the levels of melanin needed to prevent UV-induced DNA-harm. Studies take shown that cherry hair alleles in MC1R increase freckling and decrease tanning ability.[53] It has been found that Europeans who are heterozygous for red pilus showroom increased sensitivity to UV radiation.[54]

Red hair and its relationship to UV sensitivity are of interest to many melanoma researchers. Sunshine can both be adept and bad for a person's health and the dissimilar alleles on MC1R represent these adaptations. It also has been shown that individuals with pale peel are highly susceptible to a variety of skin cancers such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.[55] [56]

Pain tolerance and injury

Two studies take demonstrated that people with red hair take unlike sensitivity to hurting to people with other hair colors. Ane report found that people with red pilus are more sensitive to thermal hurting (associated with naturally occurring depression vitamin K levels),[57] while another study concluded that redheads are less sensitive to pain from multiple modalities, including noxious stimuli such every bit electrically induced pain.[58] [59] [60]

Researchers accept found that people with crimson hair require greater amounts of anesthetic.[61] Other inquiry publications have concluded that women with naturally red hair require less of the painkiller pentazocine than practice either women of other hair colors or men of any hair colour. A study showed women with red hair had a greater analgesic response to that particular hurting medication than men.[62] A follow-up study by the same group showed that men and women with red hair had a greater analgesic response to morphine-six-glucuronide.[60] However, a later written report of 468 healthy adult patients found no significant difference in recovery times, pain scores or quality of recovery in those with red compared with dark hair in either men or women.[63]

The unexpected human relationship of hair color to hurting tolerance appears to be because redheads have a mutation in a hormone receptor that can plain respond to at to the lowest degree two types of hormones: the pigmentation-driving melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and the pain-relieving endorphins. (Both derive from the aforementioned forerunner molecule, POMC, and are structurally like.) Specifically, redheads have a mutated melanocortin-i receptor (MC1R) gene that produces an contradistinct receptor for MSH.[64] Melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment in skin and hair, utilize the MC1R to recognize and respond to MSH from the anterior pituitary gland. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone normally stimulates melanocytes to make black eumelanin, but if the melanocytes take a mutated receptor, they will make scarlet pheomelanin instead. MC1R as well occurs in the brain, where information technology is one of a big gear up of POMC-related receptors that are apparently involved not only in responding to MSH, but also in responses to endorphins and perhaps other POMC-derived hormones.[64] Though the details are not conspicuously understood, it appears that there is some crosstalk between the POMC hormones; this may explain the link between red hair and pain tolerance.

There is little or no bear witness to support the belief that people with cerise hair have a higher chance than people with other hair colors to hemorrhage or suffer other bleeding complications.[65] [66] 1 study, nevertheless, reports a link between red hair and a higher rate of bruising.[66]

Carmine hair of pathological origin

Virtually reddish hair is acquired by the MC1R cistron and is not-pathological. Still, in rare cases carmine hair can exist associated with disease or genetic disorder:

  • In cases of severe malnutrition, normally nighttime human being hair may turn cerise or blonde. The status, part of a syndrome known equally kwashiorkor, is a sign of critical starvation acquired chiefly by protein deficiency, and is mutual during periods of dearth.
  • One variety of albinism (Blazon 3, a.g.a. rufous albinism), sometimes seen in Africans and inhabitants of New Guinea, results in red hair and blood-red-colored skin.[67]
  • Crimson pilus is found on people lacking pro-opiomelanocortin.[67] [68]

Civilisation

In various times and cultures, red hair has been prized, feared, and ridiculed.

Behavior about temperament

A common belief about redheads is that they take fiery tempers and sharp tongues. In Anne of Green Gables, a character says of Anne Shirley, the redheaded heroine, that "her temper matches her hair", while in The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield remarks that "People with scarlet pilus are supposed to get mad very easily, but Allie [his dead brother] never did, and he had very scarlet hair."

During the early stages of mod medicine, scarlet pilus was thought to be a sign of a sanguine temperament.[71] In the Indian medicinal practice of Ayurveda, redheads are seen as most probable to have a Pitta temperament.

Some other belief is that redheads are highly sexed; for case, Jonathan Swift satirizes redhead stereotypes in part four of Gulliver's Travels, "A Voyage to the Land of the Houyhnhnms," when he writes that: "Information technology is observed that the red-haired of both sexes are more libidinous and mischievous than the rest, whom nevertheless they much exceed in strength and activity." Swift goes on to write that "neither was the pilus of this brute [a Yahoo] of a red colour (which might have been some excuse for an appetite a little irregular) only black as a sloe".[72] Such beliefs were given a veneer of scientific credibility in the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero. They concluded that carmine hair was associated with crimes of lust, and claimed that 48% of "criminal women" were redheads.[73]

Media, style and art

Queen Elizabeth I of England was a redhead, and during the Elizabethan era in England, red hair was fashionable for women. In modern times, red hair is subject to fashion trends; celebrities such as Nicole Kidman, Alyson Hannigan, Marcia Cantankerous, Christina Hendricks, Emma Stone and Geri Halliwell can heave sales of carmine pilus dye.[ citation needed ]

Sometimes, red pilus darkens as people get older, condign a more than brownish color or losing some of its vividness. This leads some to associate red hair with youthfulness, a quality that is more often than not considered desirable. In several countries such every bit India, Islamic republic of iran, Bangladesh and Pakistan, henna and saffron are used on hair to give it a bright red appearance.[74]

Many painters have exhibited a fascination with red hair. The hair color "Titian" takes its proper noun from the creative person Titian, who often painted women with cherry hair. Early on Renaissance creative person Sandro Botticelli's famous painting The Nascence of Venus depicts the mythological goddess Venus as a redhead. Other painters notable for their redheads include the Pre-Raphaelites, Edmund Leighton, Modigliani,[75] and Gustav Klimt.[76]

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story "The Ruby-Headed League" (1891) involves a human who is asked to become a member of a mysterious group of red-headed people. The 1943 moving-picture show DuBarry Was a Lady featured red-heads Lucille Ball and Red Skelton in Technicolor.

Notable fictional characters with red hair includes Jean Grayness, Reddish Sonja, Mystique, and Poison Ivy.[77]

A volume of photographs of ruby-red haired people was published in 2020, Gingers by Kieran Dodds (2020).[78]

Prejudice and discrimination against redheads

Medieval beliefs

Red hair was thought to be a marking of a beastly sexual want and moral degeneration. A barbarous ruddy-haired man is portrayed in the fable by Grimm brothers (Der Eisenhans) as the spirit of the forest of iron. Theophilus Presbyter describes how the blood of a red-haired beau is necessary to create gold from copper, in a mixture with the ashes of a basilisk.[79]

Montague Summers, in his translation of the Malleus Maleficarum,[80] notes that red hair and green optics were thought to exist the sign of a witch, a werewolf or a vampire during the Middle Ages;

Those whose hair is red, of a certain peculiar shade, are unmistakably vampires. It is pregnant that in ancient Egypt, as Manetho tells us, human sacrifices were offered at the grave of Osiris, and the victims were red-haired men who were burned, their ashes being scattered far and wide by winnowing-fans. It is held by some authorities that this was done to fertilize the fields and produce a bounteous harvest, ruddy-hair symbolizing the golden wealth of the corn. Just these men were called Typhonians, and were representatives not of Osiris but of his evil rival Typhon, whose pilus was red.

Medieval antisemitism

During the Spanish Inquisition, people of red pilus were identified every bit Jewish and isolated for persecution.[16] In Medieval Italian republic and Spain, red pilus was associated with the heretical nature of Jews and their rejection of Jesus, and thus Judas Iscariot was usually depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish fine art.[17] Writers from Shakespeare to Dickens would identify Jewish characters by giving them red hair, such as the villainous Jewish characters Shylock and Fagin.[81] The antisemitic association persisted into modern times in Soviet Russia.[18] The medieval prejudice confronting red-hair may have derived from the Aboriginal biblical tradition, in relation to biblical figures such as Esau and Rex David. The Ancient historian Josephus would mistranslate the Hebrew Torah to describe the more positive figure of King David every bit 'golden haired', in contrast to the negative figure of Esau, even though the original Hebrew Torah implies that both Male monarch David and Esau had 'fiery cherry pilus'.[82]

Mod-twenty-four hours discrimination

In his 1885 book I Say No, Wilkie Collins wrote "The prejudice against habitual silence, amidst the lower order of the people, is almost as inveterate equally the prejudice against red hair."

In his 1895 memoir and history The Gurneys of Earlham, Augustus John Cuthbert Hare described an incident of harassment: "The 2d son, John, was built-in in 1750. As a male child he had bright red hair, and it is amusingly recorded that one twenty-four hour period in the streets of Norwich a number of boys followed him, pointing to his cerise locks and saying, "Look at that boy; he'southward got a bonfire on the summit of his head," and that John Gurney was and so disgusted that he went to a barber's, had his head shaved, and went home in a wig. He grew upward, notwithstanding, a remarkably attractive-looking young man."[83]

In British English language, the word "ginger" is sometimes used to describe cherry-headed people (at times in an insulting manner),[84] with terms such equally "gingerphobia"[85] and "gingerism"[86] used by the British media. In Britain, redheads are also sometimes referred to disparagingly as "carrot tops" and "carrot heads". (The comedian "Carrot Top" uses this stage name.) "Gingerism" has been compared to racism, although this is widely disputed, and bodies such as the UK Commission for Racial Equality do not monitor cases of discrimination and detest crimes against redheads.[86]

Nonetheless, individuals and families in United kingdom are targeted for harassment and violence because of their hair colour. In 2003, a 20-twelvemonth-quondam was stabbed in the dorsum for "being ginger".[87] In 2007, a UK adult female won an award from a tribunal after being sexually harassed and receiving abuse because of her red hair;[88] in the same year, a family in Newcastle upon Tyne, was forced to move twice after existence targeted for abuse and hate law-breaking on business relationship of their red hair.[89] In May 2009, a schoolboy committed suicide after being bullied for having red pilus.[xc] In 2013, a fourteen-year-onetime boy in Lincoln had his right arm broken and his head stamped on by three men who attacked him "just because he had red pilus". The 3 men were subsequently jailed for a combined full of x years and one month for the attack.[91] A possible fringe theory explaining the historical and modern mistreatment of carmine-heads supposedly stems from Roman subjugation and consequent persecution of Celtic Nations when arriving in the British Isles.

This prejudice has been satirised on a number of TV shows. English language comedian Catherine Tate (herself a redhead) appeared every bit a ruby-haired grapheme in a running sketch of her series The Catherine Tate Bear witness. The sketch saw fictional character Sandra Kemp, who was forced to seek solace in a refuge for ginger people considering she had been ostracised from social club.[92] The British comedy Bo' Selecta! (starring redhead Leigh Francis) featured a spoof documentary which involved a caricature of Mick Hucknall presenting a show in which celebrities (played by themselves) dyed their hair crimson for a day and went about daily life being insulted by people. (Hucknall, who says that he has repeatedly faced prejudice or been described every bit ugly on business relationship of his hair color, argues that Gingerism should be described as a form of racism.[93]) Comedian Tim Minchin, himself a redhead, also covered the topic in his song "Prejudice".[94]

The pejorative employ of the word "ginger" and related discrimination was used to illustrate a betoken nigh racism and prejudice in the "Ginger Kids", "Le Petit Tourette", "It's a Jersey Thing" and "Fatbeard" episodes of South Park.

Film and goggle box programmes often portray schoolhouse bullies equally having ruby hair.[95] However, children with red pilus are often themselves targeted by bullies; "Somebody with ginger hair will stand out from the crowd," says anti-bullying expert Louise Burfitt-Dons.[96]

In Australian slang, redheads are oftentimes nicknamed "Blue" or "Bluey".[97] More recently, they have been referred to as "rangas" (a word derived from the red-haired ape, the orangutan), sometimes with derogatory connotations.[98] The word "rufus" has been used in both Australian and British slang to refer to carmine-headed people;[99] based on a variant of rufous, a cerise-brown colour.

In November 2008 social networking website Facebook received criticism after a 'Kick a Ginger' group, which aimed to found a "National Kicking a Ginger Twenty-four hours" on 20 November, acquired almost 5,000 members. A 14-year-old boy from Vancouver who ran the Facebook group was subjected to an investigation by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for possible hate crimes.[100]

In December 2009 British supermarket concatenation Tesco withdrew a Christmas card which had the prototype of a child with red hair sitting on the lap of Male parent Christmas, and the words: "Santa loves all kids. Even ginger ones" afterward customers complained the card was offensive.[101]

In October 2010, Harriet Harman, the former Equality Minister in the British government under Labour, faced accusations of prejudice afterwards she described the red-haired Treasury secretary Danny Alexander every bit a "ginger rodent".[102] Alexander responded to the insult by stating that he was "proud to exist ginger".[103] Harman was subsequently forced to apologise for the annotate, after facing criticism for prejudice against a minority group.[104]

In September 2011, Cryos International, one of the world's largest sperm banks, announced that it would no longer take donations from cerise-haired men due to low demand from women seeking artificial insemination.[105]

Use of term in Singapore and Malaysia

The term ang mo (Chinese: 红毛; pinyin: hóng máo ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-mo͘ ) in Hokkien (Min Nan) Chinese, meaning "red-haired",[106] is used in Malaysia and Singapore, although information technology refers to all white people, never exclusively people with reddish pilus. The epithet is sometimes rendered as ang mo kui ( 红毛鬼 ) meaning "red-haired devil", like to the Cantonese term gweilo ("foreign devil"). Thus it is viewed as racist and derogatory past some people.[107] Others, even so, maintain it is acceptable.[108] Despite this ambiguity, information technology is a widely used term. It appears, for instance, in Singaporean newspapers such as The Straits Times,[109] and in television programmes and films.

The Chinese characters for ang mo are the same as those in the historical Japanese term Kōmō ( 紅毛 ), which was used during the Edo period (1603–1868) as an epithet for Dutch or Northern European people. Information technology primarily referred to Dutch traders who were the only Europeans allowed to merchandise with Japan during Sakoku, its 200-yr catamenia of isolation.[110]

The historic fortress Fort San Domingo in Tamsui, Taiwan was nicknamed ang mo sia (紅毛城).

The proper name "Rory"

The mainly masculine given name Rory – a name of Goidelic origin, which is an anglicisation of the Irish: Ruairí / Ruaidhrí/Ruaidhrígh/Raidhrígh, Scottish Gaelic: Ruairidh and Manx: Rauree [111] which is common to the Irish, Highland Scots and their diasporas[112] – means "red-haired king", from ruadh ("scarlet-haired" or "rusty") and rígh ("king"). Nevertheless, nowadays bearers of the name are past no means all red-haired themeselves.

Red pilus festivals

Hundreds of redheads together at the Redhead Day, September 2007

There has been an almanac Redhead 24-hour interval festival in the Netherlands that attracts cerise-haired participants from around the world. The festival was held in Breda, a city in the south due east of the Netherlands, prior to 2019, when it moved to Tilburg.[113] Information technology attracts participants from over 80 different countries. The international event began in 2005, when Dutch painter Bart Rouwenhorst decided he wanted to paint 15 redheads.

The Irish Redhead Convention, held in tardily August in County Cork since 2011, claims to be a global celebration and attracts people from several continents. The celebrations include crowning the ginger King and Queen, competitions for the best cherry-red eyebrows and most freckles per square inch, orchestral concerts and carrot throwing competitions.[114]

A smaller red-pilus day festival is held since 2013 by the UK'south anti bullying alliance in London, with the aim of instilling pride in having ruddy-hair.[115]

Since 2014, a ruby-hair event is held in State of israel, at Kibbutz Gezer (Carrot), held for the local Israeli crimson pilus community,[116] including both Ashkenazi and Mizrahi ruby-red-heads.[117] However, the number of attendees has to exist restricted due to the risk of rocket attacks, leading to anger in the cherry-red-hair community.[118] The organizers state; "The event is a good thing for many redheads, who had been embarrassed about being redheads before."[118]

The first and just festival for red heads in the United States was launched in 2015. Held in Highwood, Illinois, Redhead Days draws participants from beyond the United States.[119]

A festival to celebrate the red-haired people is held annually in Izhevsk (Russia), the capital of Udmurtia, since 2004.[120]

MC1R Magazine is a publication for cherry-red-haired people worldwide, based in Hamburg, Germany.[121]

Religious and mythological traditions

In ancient Arab republic of egypt red hair was associated with the deity Prepare and Ramesses II had it.[122]

In the Iliad, Achilles' hair is described as ksanthēs ( ξανθῆς [123]), usually translated every bit blonde, or golden[124] but sometimes as red or tawny.[125] [126] His son Neoptolemus also bears the proper name Pyrrhus, a possible reference to his own red hair.[127]

The Norse god Thor is unremarkably described every bit having ruddy pilus.[128]

The Hebrew word usually translated "ruby" or "reddish-brown" (admoni אדמוני , from the root ADM אדם , see as well Adam and Edom)[129] [130] [131] was used to draw both Esau and David.

Early artistic representations of Mary Magdalene usually depict her as having long flowing carmine hair, although a description of her hair color was never mentioned in the Bible, and information technology is possible the colour is an result acquired past paint degradation in the ancient paint.

Judas Iscariot is too represented with red pilus in Spanish culture[132] [133] and in the works of William Shakespeare,[134] reinforcing the negative stereotype.

Meet also

  • Black hair
  • Blond
  • Brownish hair
  • Discrimination against people with red hair
  • Erythrism – in non-human animals
  • How to be a Redhead
  • List of redheads

Notes

  1. ^ Defined in the study as the counties of Cumberland, Durham, Northumberland and Westmorland

References

  1. ^ "Hair Colour". thetech.org. The Tech Museum of Innovation. 26 August 2004. Retrieved 14 January 2017. When someone has both of their MC1R genes mutated, this conversion doesn't happen anymore and you get a buildup of pheomelanin, which results in red hair
  2. ^ a b Valverde P, Healy E, Jackson I, Rees JL, Thody AJ (1995). "Variants of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red pilus and fair skin in humans". Nature Genetics. xi (iii): 328–xxx. doi:10.1038/ng1195-328. PMID 7581459. S2CID 7980311.
  3. ^ "redhead, n. and adj". OED Online. Oxford University Press. June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  4. ^ a b Moffat, Alistair. "Celts' red hair could be attributed to the cloudy weather". Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  5. ^ Moffat, Alistair; Wilson, James (1 May 2011). The Scots: A Genetic Journey. ISBN9780857900203 . Retrieved half-dozen June 2016.
  6. ^ "Auld Reekie is world capital letter for ginger pilus".
  7. ^ Cramb, Auslan (24 August 2013). "Edinburgh is surprise majuscule of redheaded Britain and Ireland". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on eleven January 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  8. ^ Grayness, John (1907). "Memoir on the Pigmentation Survey of Scotland". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 37: 375–401. doi:10.2307/2843323. JSTOR 2843323.
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External links

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_hair

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